some partitioning info
sudo resize2fs -P /dev/nvme0n1p5
# The blocks which is used by the filesystem: 54478434
# This is equal to: 207.8 GB
sudo dumpe2fs -h /dev/nvme0n1p5 | grep 'Block count'
# The blocks dedicated to the nvme0n1p5 is: 84819968
# This is equal to: 323.5625 GB (matches with lsblk, but not with df -h)
1 Sector : 512B 8 Sectors: 4K = 1 block
So: 1000000 Sectors = 5121000000 / (102410241024) G ~ 1000000 blocks = 41000000 / (1024*1024) G ~ 3.81 G
shrink root partition
# do these all in the Live CD Image of Debian (e.g., debian live standard image)
sudo e2fsck -f /dev/nvme0n1p5
sudo resize2fs /dev/nvme0n1p5 297G
sudo fdisk /dev/nvme0n1
p (note start sector of p5)
d
5
n
5
(write what noted as start sector)
+298G
p
w
sudo resize2fs /dev/nvme0n1p5
sudo e2fsck -f /dev/nvme0n1p5
sudo reboot
swap
add swap
# start from Live CD Image
sudo fdisk /dev/nvme0n1
n
6
default
default
t
19 (which is Linux Swap)
p
w
# leave the Live CD
sudo reboot
# open main system
sudo mkswap /dev/nvme0n1p6
sudo swapon /dev/nvme0n1p6
# get the UUID
blkid
sudo nano /etc/fstab
# append this there:
/dev/nvme0n1p6 none swap sw 0 0
# or (this is like the swap when install OS)
UUID= xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx none swap sw 0 0
# check
sudo swapon --show
free -h
swappiness
# view the active swappiness
cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
# change it
sudo sysctl vm.swappiness=10
# reload sysctl to apply this change
sudo sysctl -p
# check the new value
cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
Swappiness is a kernel parameter that determines the balance between using swap space and RAM. Swappiness value range from 0 to 100, where lower values such as 0 reduce swapping and higher values 100 prioritize swapping of processes from RAM to the swap memory.
- 0: Enables the system to avoid swapping processes out of physical memory.
- 1-49: Enables swapping with reduced usage unless the main memory (RAM) is at capacity.
- 50: Balances swapping and memory caching on the server.
- 51-99: Increases swapping from the main memory to swap memory.
- 100: Prioritizes swapping on the server and processes are continuously moved from RAM to swap.